Discussion: – the hyperextension phase of throwing may be the most important component of internal impingement; – in the late cocking position (abduction, external rotation, extension) may cause the postero-superior edge of the glenoid labrum to become caught between the humeral head and rotator cuff (surface of the infraspinatus and posterior fibers of supraspinatus tendon); – … Read more
– Discussion: – diagnosis: limb is shortened, internally rotated, and adducted; – Thompson and Epstein Classification: – Type I: w/ or w/o a minor fracture – Type II: w/ large single frx of post. acetabular rim; … Read more
– Discussion: – Anatomy and Function of PCL: – mechanism of injury: – fall on a flexed knee with plantar flexed ankle; – associated injuries: – ACL and collateral ligament injury (knee dislocation); – when PCL injury occurs w/ MCL … Read more
– Discussion: – cervical kyphosis is a general contra-indication for posterior decompression; – Surgical Approach: – prone position using Mayfield head holder w/ neck in neutral; – during operative procedure, erector spinae muscles should not be dissected laterally beyond the facets; – this avoids … Read more
– Discussion: – includes lamina, pedicles, spinous processes, including supraspinous and intraspinous ligaments, ligamentum flavum, & facet capsules; – Clay Shoveler’s fx – Ligamentous Instability: – consists of combined role of right & left Facet Joint & lateral masses in resisting compression; – ligamentous complex in posterior motion segment resists … Read more
– Discussion: – commonly results from: – frx of throracolumbar spine treated non-operatively, esp when posterior ligamentous complex has been disrupted; – fractures treated by laminectomy w/o fusion (or w/ failed fusion); – children who have had extensive laminectomies, … Read more
– See: – Associated Transverse and Posterior Wall Frx – Classification and Column Theory – Discussion: – most common type of acetabular frx (up to 50% of acetabular fractures will contain a posterior wall fragment); – posterior wall frxs involve the posterior articular surfaces, often w/ retroacetabular … Read more
– See: differential diagnosis of posterior fossa masses – Discussion: – popliteal artery is the continuation of superficial femoral artery at hiatus of the adductor magnus muscle; – artery is anchored proximally by tendinous insertion of adductor magnus upon the medial femoral epicondyle; – it runs posterior to the distal … Read more
– Discussion: – traditionally, subtalar arthrodesis has been performed w/ ankle in neutral dorsiflexion / plantarflexion & neutral or slight valgus; – by placing calcaneus in 5 degrees of valgus, transverse tarsal joint remains supple and provides mobility to the forefoot; – in presence of fixed forefoot equinus, however, … Read more
– Pneumothorax: – even a small pneumothorax will generally require a chest tube if any type of surgery is required since the size of the pneumothorax may increase due to the positive pressure ventilation; – Tension Pneumothorax: – condition in which air is under pressure … Read more